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Summary The health‐promoting effects of a polysaccharide （ DAP ） purified from Dendrobium aphyllum , on mice colon were investigated. The results indicated that consumption of DAP facilitated the differentiation degree of CD 4+ T cells to Th1, Th17 and Treg cells; and depressed the differentiation degree to Th2 cells, since DAP up‐regulated IL ‐6 expression （from 1.08 ± 0.24 to 3.40 ± 0.36）. Besides, oral administration of DAP reduced the gastrointestinal transit time from 255 ± 1.21 to 164 ± 0.46 min, decreased the pH from 6.70 ± 0.27 to 5.54 ± 0.31, improved faecal water‐binding capability from 59.4% ± 0.35 to 63.5% ± 0.22. Additionally, the increase in four health‐promoting short chain fatty acids were observed, which might result from the enrichment of the relative abundance of health‐promoting microbiota genera, including Porphyromonadaceae and Ruminococcaceae . The DAP ‐induced up‐regulation of the genus Erysipelotrichaceae might be related to the homeostasis in both Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17.
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