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According to a myth widely spread in the economic literature, the concern over national competitiveness arose around the end of the 1960s and the begining of the 1970s. Yet as early as 1947 in France, the constraint of competitiveness is integrated, by the French neoliberals, in the confidential debates of policy makers notably those of the Plan and the Ministry of Finance. For lack of critical learning, the belief in such myth led, since 1968 many policy makers and company heads, to pose a problem of competitiveness in the terms of war and survival, that led them to push the objectif of full employment into the background. Since the end of the 1980s, the speech about globalization came to accentuate this tendency.
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