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The aim of this paper is to analyse Mill's economic épistemology. More precisely, we show that, following Mill, the existence of economic science is not a natural thing but the result of a real scientific strategy in face of the complexity of social facts. Our reconstruction of Mill's argument exhibits the link between three questions : why does economic science exist ? What's the method of economic science ? How is economic knowledge evaluated and how does it grow ? In other words, our thesis is that contemporain economic epistemology, whose field is not yet systematically delimitated, should structure it on the basis of questions concerning the nature of economic reality.
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