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Abstract Platelet-derived growth factor （PDGF）-induced changes in vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMCs） stimulate vascular remodeling, resulting in vascular diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension. VSMCs communicate with endothelial cells through extracellular vesicles （EVs） carrying cargos, including microRNAs. To understand the molecular mechanisms through which PDGF-stimulated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells （PASMCs） interact with pulmonary artery endothelial cells （PAECs） under pathological conditions, we investigated the crosstalk between PASMCs and PAECs via extracellular vesicle miR-409-5p under PDGF stimulation. miR-409-5p expression was upregulated in PASMCs upon PDGF signaling, and it was released into EVs. The elevated expression of miR-409-5p was transported to PAECs and led to their impaired function, including reduced NO release, which consequentially resulted in enhanced PASMC proliferation. We propose that the positive regulatory loop of PASMC-extracellular vesicle miR-409-5p-PAEC is a potential mechanism underlying the proliferation of PASMCs under PDGF stimulation. Therefore, miR-409-5p may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular diseases, including pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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